Socializing the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System: Incorporating Social Psychological Phenomena Into a Human Factors Error Classification System

OBJECTIVE The presence of social psychological pressures on pilot decision making was assessed using qualitative analyses of critical incident interviews. BACKGROUND Social psychological phenomena have long been known to influence attitudes and behavior but have not been highlighted in accident investigation models. METHOD Using a critical incident method, 28 pilots who flew in Alaska were interviewed. The participants were asked to describe a situation involving weather when they were pilot in command and found their skills challenged. They were asked to describe the incident in detail but were not explicitly asked to identify social pressures. Pressures were extracted from transcripts in a bottom-up manner and then clustered into themes. RESULTS Of the 28 pilots, 16 described social psychological pressures on their decision making, specifically, informational social influence, the foot-in-the-door persuasion technique, normalization of deviance, and impression management and self-consistency motives. CONCLUSION We believe accident and incident investigations can benefit from explicit inclusion of common social psychological pressures. APPLICATION We recommend specific ways of incorporating these pressures into theHuman Factors Analysis and Classification System.